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Hama Contents History Climate Demographics Main sights See also References Bibliography Further reading External links Navigation menu35°08′N 36°45′E / 35.133°N 36.750°E / 35.133; 36.75035°08′N 36°45′E / 35.133°N 36.750°E / 35.133; 36.750www.ehama.sy"2004 official census"the originalUpdated: Your Cheat Sheet to the Syrian Conflict"Hamah (Syria)"The Decipherment of Hittite"Hamath"2 Kings 14:25Nur al-Din MosqueArchived"In Syria, the government is the real rebel – Opinion""English.alarabiya.net"the original"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated"10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130"Hama Climate Normals 1961–1990""Klimatafel von Hama / Syrien"Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical EncyclopediaThe new Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia of religious knowledge: embracing Biblical, historical, doctrinal, and practical theology and Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical biography from the earliest times to the present dayInternational Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and AfricaLabour in the medieval Islamic worldPalestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500Demographic developments and population policies in Baʻathist SyriaThe Official City's Group on facebooke.syOfficial site of Hama governorateHama city community on the netAncient Hama king listeeee4089137-9n81124923ge290581246309563246309563

1963 coup d'état1966 coup d'étatCorrective MovementIslamic uprisingLatakia protestsDamascus SpringQamishli riotsSyrian occupation of LebanonDamascus DeclarationHuman rights in SyriaDeath of Hamza Ali Al-KhateebSiege of DaraaSiege of BaniyasTalkalakh siegeSiege of Rastan and TalbisehJisr ash-Shugur operationSiege of HamaSiege of HomsJabal al-Zawiya operationSiege of LatakiaDeir ez-Zor ClashesRif Dimashq clashesBattle of ZabadaniBattle of DoumaDaraa Governorate clashesFirst Battle of RastanShayrat and Tiyas airbase ambushIdlib Governorate clashesJabal al-Zawiya massacresal-Midan bombingSecond Battle of RastanFirst Idlib operationFirst Battle of IdlibFirst Battle of al-QusayrSecond Idlib operationBattle of TaftanazThird Battle of RastanHoula massacreBattle of al-HaffahAl-Qubeir massacreBattle of TremsehBattle of DamascusDamascus bombingBattle of AleppoBattle of AnadanSiege of Base 46Al-Hasakah Governorate campaignFirst Rif Dimashq offensiveDarayya massacreBattle of Khirbet al-JozBattle of Maarrat al-Nu'man (2012)First Siege of Wadi DeifBattle of HaremSecond Rif Dimashq offensiveBattle of DarayyaAqrab massacreFirst Hama offensiveHalfaya massacreBattle of DarayyaQuneitra Governorate clashesTalbiseh bakery massacreBattle of SafiraBattle of ShadadehDamascus offensiveRaqqa campaignBattle of Raqqa (March 2013)Daraa offensiveThird Rif Dimashq offensiveBattle of Jdaidet al-FadlGhouta chemical attackAl-Qusayr offensiveSecond Battle of al-QusayrBayda and Baniyas massacresSecond Hama offensiveHatla massacreKhan al-Assal chemical attackKhan al-Assal massacreAdra massacreBattle of Ras al-AynBattle of Tell AbyadFourth Rif Dimashq offensiveAleppo offensiveFirst Inter-Rebel ConflictBattle of MarkadaFirst Deir ez-Zor OffensiveBattle of Mork2nd Daraa OffensiveMaan massacreAl-Otaiba ambush4th Idlib OffensiveBattle of Hosn2nd Latakia OffensiveBattle of Al-MalihahKafr Zita chemical attackSecond Siege of Wadi Deif2nd Qalamoun OffensiveBattle of ArsalFirst Battle of the Shaer gas fieldEastern Syria OffensiveBattle for Tabqa Air baseNorthern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)3rd Hama OffensiveQuneitra Offensive6th Rif Dimashq offensiveSiege of Kobanî3rd Daraa offensive2nd Al-Safira offensiveIdlib RaidSecond Inter-Rebel ConflictSecond Battle of the Shaer gas fieldBattle of Al-Shaykh Maskin2nd Deir ez-Zor offensiveAn-26 crash4th Daraa OffensiveSouthern Syria OffensiveEastern al-Hasakah offensive1st Battle of Sarrin2nd Battle of SarrinBattle of Bosra5th Idlib OffensiveSecond Battle of IdlibBattle of Nasib Border Crossing2nd Battle of Yarmouk CampWestern al-Hasakah offensivePalmyra offensive (May 2015)2015 Qamishli bombingsTell Abyad offensiveKobanî massacreQuneitra offensivePalmyra offensive (July–August 2015)7th Rif Dimashq offensiveNorthwestern Syria offensive2015 Aleppo offensive2015 Al-Hawl offensiveHoms offensive (November–December 2015)East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)Latakia offensive (2015–2016)Tishrin Dam offensive2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdownSecond Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin3rd Deir ez-Zor offensiveSayyidah Zaynab bombingsNorthern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)February Homs bombingsFebruary Sayyidah Zaynab bombings2016 Khanasir offensiveBattle of Tel AbyadBattle of Maarrat al-Nu'man (2016)Battle of Qamishli (April 2016)Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)Palmyra offensive (March 2016)East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)8th Rif Dimashq offensiveNorthern Raqqa offensive (May 2016)May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombingsIthriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)9th Rif Dimashq offensiveManbij offensiveTokhar2016 Southern Aleppo campaignBattle of al-Rai (August 2016)2016 Aleppo summer campaignWestern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)5 September 2016 Syria bombingsSeptember 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raidSeptember 2016 Urum al-Kubra Aid Convoy attackSeptember Aleppo offensive2016 Dabiq offensiveWestern al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)Raqqa campaign (2016–present)Battle of al-BabAleppo offensive (November–December 2016)Palmyra offensive (December 2016)Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)January 2017 Azaz bombingSyrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)Idlib Governorate clashes (2017)Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)Qaboun offensive (2017)Palmyra offensive (2017)East Aleppo offensive (January–April 2017)March 2017 Damascus bombings2017 al-Jinah airstrikeHama offensive (March–April 2017)Battle of Tabqa (2017)Khan Shaykhun chemical attack2017 Shayrat missile strike2017 Aleppo suicide car bombingApril 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and IraqEast Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)Maskanah Plains offensiveEast Hama offensiveBattle of Raqqa (2017)9th DaraaSouthern Raqqa offensive (June 2017)2017 Jobar offensiveQuneitra offensive (June 2017)Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)Central Syria campaign (2017)4th QalamounDeir ez-Zor offensive (September 2017–March 2018)Hama offensive (September 2017)Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)Turkish military operation in Idlib GovernorateBattle of Harasta (2017–18)Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive2017 Mayadin offensiveBattle of Deir ez-Zor (September–November 2017)2017 Abu Kamal offensiveBeit Jinn offensiveTurkish military operation in AfrinBattle of KhashamTenth Rif Dimashq offensiveSouthern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflictSouthern Damascus offensive (March 2018)Douma chemical attack2018 missile strikes against SyriaNorthern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes (April 2018)Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–June 2018)As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)2018 Southern Syria offensive2018 As-Suwayda attacksAs-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)Qamishli clashes (September 2018)Syria missile strikes (September 2018)Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)2018 Northern Syria border clashesIdlib inter-rebel conflict2019 Manbij bombingBattle of Baghuz FawqaniMarch 2017 incidentFebruary 2018 incidentMay 2018 Israel–Iran incidentsAkashat ambushOperation al-ShabahApril 2014 Iraqi–Syrian border airstrikeApril 2014 Jordanian–Syrian border airstrikeLebanese–Syrian border clashesBattle of SidonIranian Embassy BombingNorthern Lebanon ClashesThird QalamounDecember 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdownOctober 2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashesReyhanlı bombingsJanuary 2014 Turkish attack in SyriaAssassination of Andrei KarlovRussian Air Force Al-Bab incidentOperation Euphrates ShieldDeir ez-Zor missile strikeArab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria RegionSyrian Social Nationalist PartyArab Socialist MovementSyrian Communist PartySyrian Armed ForcesSyrian ResistancePFLP-GCal-Quds BrigadePalestine Liberation ArmyHezbollah involvementIranian involvementLiwa FatemiyounRussian involvementmedical facility targetingmilitary interventionWagner GroupRussia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalitionPopular Mobilization ForcesNational CoalitionLocal Co-ordination CommitteesSyrian National CouncilSupreme Council of the Syrian RevolutionNational Coordination Committee for Democratic ChangeSyrian Revolution General CommissionSyrian Support GroupAdopt a RevolutionSyrian Patriotic GroupTurkish-backed Free Syrian ArmyNational Front for LiberationArmy of GloryAuthenticity and Development FrontArmy of Free TribesRevolutionary Commando ArmyMuslim Brotherhood of SyriaGrey WolvesAmerican-led interventionJordanian interventionQatarSaudi ArabiaTurkeyDemocratic Union PartyKurdish National CouncilSmaller political partiesPeople's Protection UnitsWomen's Protection UnitsAnti-Terror UnitsAl-Sanadid ForcesArmy of RevolutionariesSDF military councilsSyriac Military CouncilJabhat Thuwar al-RaqqaNorthern Democratic BrigadePatriotic Union of KurdistanKurdistan Workers' PartyInternational Freedom BattalionSinjar Resistance UnitsÊzîdxan Women's UnitsMilitary of ISILDokumacılarKhalid ibn al-Walid ArmyLiwa al-AqsaGroup of the One and OnlyLiwa DawudTahrir al-ShamTurkistan Islamic Party in SyriaCaucasus EmirateAjnad al-KavkazJunud al-MakhdiMalhama TacticalAnsar al-IslamAmmar AbdulhamidAli al-AbdallahAdnan al-Arooral-Assad familyBasharMaherRifaatRami MakhloufHafez MakhloufRiad al-AsaadAnwar al-BunniFahd Jassem al-FreijSuheil al-HassanHaitham al-MalehMoaz al-KhatibKamal al-LabwaniHamza al-KhateebTal al-MallohiFida al-SayedRiad al-TurkKhaled KhojaAmmar al-QurabiSuheir AtassiAli Sadreddine Al-BayanouniAref DalilaFarid GhadryBurhan GhaliounRazan GhazzawiGhassan HittoSalim IdrisRanda KassisAbdul Halim KhaddamMichel KiloBassma KodmaniAli Habib MahmudAli Mahmoud OthmanIbrahim QashoushDawoud RajihaYassin al-Haj SalehBouthaina ShaabanAdib ShishaklyAbdulbaset SiedaRiad SeifFadwa SolimanMohamad Anas Haitham SoueidYaser TabbaraRazan ZaitounehRami JarrahAbdurrahman Mustafa2011 local elections2012 parliamentary election2014 presidential election2015 Rojava local elections2016 parliamentary election2017 Northern Syria local elections2017 Northern Syria regional electionsCasualtiesCities and townsChemical weaponsDamaged heritage sitesForeign involvementHuman rights violationsHumanitarian aidInternational demonstrations and protestsInternational reactionsMassacresRefugeesEuropean migrant crisisSectarianism and minoritiesStatus of the Golan HeightsSpillover into LebanonSyrian reactionsArab League monitorsFriends of Syria GroupKofi Annan peace planUN supervision missionLakhdar Brahimi peace planU.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria39th G8 summitUN Security Council Resolution 2118Geneva II conference2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement2015 Vienna talks2016 Geneva talksExclusive mandateFourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit ConferenceInternational recognition of the Syrian National CouncilSyria FilesSyrian detainee reportSyrian media coverageAleppoDamascusDaraaDeir ez-ZorHamaal-HasakahHomsIdlibLatakiaQuneitraRaqqaRif Dimashqas-SuwaydaTartusAbu QilqilAbu al-ThuhurAkhtarinAmudaArbeenArimaal-Ariqahal-ArishahArmanazArwadal-AsharahAssal al-WardAwjAyn al-FijahAyn HalaqimAyn IssaAyn al-NasrBabbilaBananBarri SharqiBeit JinnBinnishBir al-HelouBosraBulbulBusayrahDa'elal-DanaDarat IzzaDarkushal-DarbasiyahDeir Atiyahal-Dimasal-DumayrFurqlusGhabaghibGhandouraal-Ghariyahal-Ghizlaniyahal-HaderHadidahal-Hajar al-Aswadal-HajibHajinal-Hamidiyahal-HamraaHarastaHarbnafsahHarran al-Awamidal-HirakHishHisyahal-HawlHuraytanal-HuwashIbbin SamaanIhsimJayrudal-Jalaaal-JanudiyahJaramanaal-JarniyahJasimal-JawadiyahJubb al-JarrahJubb RamlahJindiresal-Jizaal-QabuKafr BatnaKafr NablKafr TakharimKafr Zitaal-Karamahal-KasrahKessabal-KhafsahKhan ShaykhunKhashamKirnazKuwayris SharqiKhanaserKhirbet GhazalehKhirbet al-Tin Mahmoudal-KiswahMa'arrat MisrinMaabatliMaadanMa'loulaMadayaMahinMalahal-Malihahal-MansurahMare'MarkadaMashta al-HeluMaskanahal-Masmiyahal-MazraaMuhambalMuhasanal-Musayfirahal-MushannafMuzayribal-Nashabiyahal-NasirahNawaNublal-Qadmusal-QahtaniyahQalaat al-MadiqQarahal-Qaryataynal-QurayyaQurqaniaRajoRankusRasm Harmil al-Imamal-Raial-Riqamaal-Ruhaybahal-SaanSaasaaSabburahal-Sabe' Biyaral-SabkhahSadadSahnayaSaidnayaSalqinSaraqibSarminSarrinSawranSebeial-Shaddadahal-ShajaraShaqqaSharranShathahShaykh al-Hadidal-Shaykh MaskinShayukh TahtaniShinSinjarSirghayaSlinfahSulukal-Surah al-Saghirahal-SuwarSuranal-Susahal-Sukhnahal-TabniTalbisehTaldoual-TamanahTasilTell al-DamanTell HamisTell RifaatTell SalhabTell TamerTedefThibanUqayribatUrum al-KubraWadi al-Oyunal-Yaarubiyahal-Zirbahaz-ZiyarahHamaAbu DardahAbu MansafAdabasal-AlameinAmarat AslanArzahAwja al-JanahAyyubiyahBahraBayadBesirinal-BuraqBillinal-DaminahGhor al-Assial-HashimiyahHawayiz Umm JurnHawir 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al-SharqiyahAl-HamraaAbu Ajwaal-Alaal-AnzArfaAziziyahBaroudiyahBayudDaliDumaFaydaHalabiyahHuways Ibn HadibHaymaniyahal-HazimJanat al-SawarnahJubb al-UthmanJubb al-SafaJunaynahJadduah ShamaliyahKharsanMaaloulaMuwaylah al-SirwanaMaar ShamaliQanaterQasr AliQasr Ibn WardanRabdaRasm AnzRasm al-DaheriyahRasm al-WardRuhayyahShihat al-Hamraaal-Samaqiyah al-QibliyahSurujTarfawiTharwatTulayhatTuwal DabaghinUmm HabesUmm Turaykat al-QibliyahUmm Zahmakal-ZughbahAl-SuqaylabiyahAbr Bayt SayfAbu KlifunAmmurinAnabAyn al-KurumAyn WaridahBallunahBeijal-HurraHawrat AmmurinHayalinJurniyat al-TarKaramahal-Khandaq al-Gharbial-Khandaq al-SharqiyahKhansaaMaksarMashta' al-ShalahmahNabi al-TibQalaat JarasRawdat al-Taral-RihanaSaidiyahSalbaSaqiyat NajmShahtaal-ShajarTahunat al-HalawaTell KumbatriTell al-TiteenUwaynahShathahAyn JurjinFarikahHaydariyahJubb al-GharJurinMashta MahfuzMaradashNa'ur JurinNubl al-KhatibQatrat al-RihanRihanaTell SalhabAbu QubaysAbu Farajal-AsharinahBirat al-JabalAyn al-JurnHawayeqHawr al-MawsilKanayesal-KashatiKharebal-LatmaMazhalNahr al-BaredRas al-JurnTamazaTubahAl-Ziyarahal-Amaraal-Amqiyah Tahtaal-AnkawiAwja al-Tubaal-BahsaBarakahDuqmaqDuwayr al-AkradAyn al-HamaamFawruKhirbet al-NaqusMansuraMaaranaMashikal-QahiraQarqurQastal al-BurayjQastunQulaydinal-SafsafaSirmaniyahal-SindiyanaTell WasitZayzunal-ZaqumQalaat al-MadiqAshrafiyahal-Banial-AziziyahBab al-Taqaal-BaridDeir Sunbulal-Huwayzal-Huwayz al-Shamalial-Hamraal-Hawashal-Humayratal-HurriyahHawijah FauqaHawijah SayyadHawijat al-SallahJamasat Udayatal-JayyidKafr Nabudahal-KarimKawrial-KurkatMastarihat AfamiyahMidan GhazalQabr Fiddaal-QahirahQiratahal-Ramlahal-RasifSalihiyahSahariyahShahranazal-Sha'irahTell HuwashTamana al-Ghabal-Thuwarahal-Tuwaynial-ZitiyahMasyafAnburaal-Baydaal-BayyadiyahBiqraqaal-BustanBiqasqasDeir HuwaytDeir MamaDeir al-Salibal-FindaraHayalinal-Haylunahal-HurayfJobet KalakhKafr Aqidal-LaqbahMashta Deir MamaMatnaal-NahdaQabu ShamsiyahQayrunQurtumanRabual-Rusafaal-Shamsiyahal-ShihaSighataal-SuwaydahTayr JamlahTayr JubbahTell Afaral-Zamaliyahal-ZaynahAwjAkakirBaarinBishaninHuwayr al-TurukmanKafr KamraKhirbet NisafKhanazirNisafQarmasQasrayaTa'unahZor BaarinAyn HalaqimAyn al-ShamsAq DuqarAsheq OmarBa'amrahBarshinBayt AtiqBayt Nataral-DulaybahHermelHikr Bayt AtiqKahf al-HabashKhirbet Hazural-Majawial-MashrafahQasr al-AyanTin al-SabilJubb RamlahAlamiyahAsilahDeir ShamilDimuHanjurHizanuJulaymadunJarajisKanafuKhan JalaymadunMaarinMahrusahMushashinQurayyatQurinSarmiyahSulukiyahUqayrabahZahraaZawiWadi al-UyunAmmuriyahAyn al-BaydaAyn FarrajAyn al-KaramBashawiBayt RaqataBarayzahBir al-WadiBirat al-JurdDuwayr al-MashayekhJabitaKafr LahaKamaliyahMarhaMaysaraNaqirQussiyahal-SindiyanaTamarqiyahZaytunaMahardahAbu UbaydahAbu Rubaysal-AridHalfayaHuwatal-JudaydahKafr HudKhirbet SubinKhunayzirMaarzafal-Qubeiral-MajdalShaizarShirSafsafiyahTell MalahTell SikkinTremsehZilaqiatZawr al-QaadahKafr ZitaArba'inHamamiyatLatminal-Sayyadal-ZakahKarnazal-Asmanal-JalamahJubbaynal-Lataminahal-MughayrShaykh HadidSalamiyahAli KasunBardunahBuwaydahDunaybahDaninDuwaybahFan QibliFan Wastanial-GhawiHalbanJamalaal-KafatKarimKhafiyahKhunayfisKaytalunal-MalihMarj MattarNawaQablahatQubbat al-Kurdial-Rubbahal-SabilSafawiSamnahShakaraShaykh AliSibaaShaykh RihSmakhSunaydahTell AdaTell DahabTell Hasan BashaTell KhaznahTell SinanTaldaraTiradThawraThayl al-JalTiba al-TurkiTubaTulul al-HumurUmm al-AmadUmm Tuwaynahal-UwayrZighrinBarri SharqiAbu HanayaAbu HabilatAkashArshunahBarri al-GharbiFuraytanal-Hardanahal-KhurayjahMafkar al-GharbiMafkar SharqiSalam GharbiTell al-TutTell JadidUmm MilSabburahAbu KhanadiqAqaribFawrahal-JudaydahJadduahJubb ZurayqJissinKhunayfis al-DawsaMabujahQanafathQubaybatSalbaSamiriyahShahbaShuhaybTell Abd al-AzizTell al-GhirTell al-ShihUmm KhurayzahUqayribatAbu DaliAbu HakfaAbu al-FashafishBustan al-SubeihDakhilahHamada al-OmarHanutahHaddajJani al-AlbawiJubb AbyadJubb DakhilahJayruhMakhbutaMasudMashrafahNa'imiyahMakaymin ShamaliQastalRasm al-AbidRasm ElahmarRasm al-BardakanaRuwaydahSuhaTabara al-HamraTahmazAl-SaanAbu HuraykAbu al-GhorAbu al-QusurAmyaAniq BajraAsiriyahal-AyahBaghadidHarat al-SharqiyahHasu al-QiblawiJakuziyahJubb KhasaraMakharibMawilahQabasin al-ArabRahjanRasm al-AhmarRasm AmunSarhaShaykh Hilalal-SuwayahUmm MayalTuwanaTunnaHupisnaSinuhtuIstundaIvrizMelidSamsatKaratepeAdanaMarqasCarchemishKinaluaKinaluaSam'alTil BarsipGuzanaArpadNampigiHalabHatarikkaShuksiHamath


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Hama




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City in Syria


































Hama


حماة

City


Hama.jpg


Noria and houses in Hama, Syria.JPG

AlAzamPalace at Hama1.JPG



خان رستم باشا 5.JPG

جامع النوري 1.JPG

جامع الحسنين 1.jpg



Clockwise from top:
Hama skyline, Azem Palace, Al-Hassanein Mosque, Nur al-Din Mosque, Khan Rustem Pasha, Norias of Hama

Nicknames: 

أم النواعير
مدينة أبي الفداء



Hama is located in Syria

Hama

Hama



Location in Syria

Coordinates: 35°08′N 36°45′E / 35.133°N 36.750°E / 35.133; 36.750Coordinates: 35°08′N 36°45′E / 35.133°N 36.750°E / 35.133; 36.750
CountrySyria
GovernorateHama
DistrictHama
SubdistrictHama
Government

 • GovernorAbdul Razzaq al-Qutaini
Elevation

305 m (1,001 ft)
Population
(2004 census)

 • Total312,994[1]
 • Ethnicities

Syrians
 • Religions


Sunni Islam
Syriac Orthodox Church
Greek Orthodox Church
Demonym(s)
Arabic: حموي‎, translit. Ḥamwi
Time zone
UTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (EEST)
Area code(s)33
GeocodeC2987
ClimateBSh
Websitewww.ehama.sy

Hama (Arabic: حماةḤamāh, [ħaˈmaː]; Syriac: ܚܡܬḤmṭ, "fortress"; Biblical Hebrew: חֲמָת Ḥamāth) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria. It is located 213 km (132 mi) north of Damascus and 46 kilometres (29 mi) north of Homs. It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate. With a population of 854,000 (2009 census), Hama is the fourth-largest city in Syria after Damascus, Aleppo and Homs.[2][3]


The city is renowned for its seventeen norias used for watering the gardens, which are locally claimed to date back to 1100 BC. Though historically used for purpose of irrigation, the norias exist today as an almost entirely aesthetic traditional show.




Contents





  • 1 History

    • 1.1 Ancient era

      • 1.1.1 Amorite period and the Mittanni


      • 1.1.2 Neo-Hittites


      • 1.1.3 Assyrian inscriptions


      • 1.1.4 Destruction under Sargon II


      • 1.1.5 Hamath in the Bible



    • 1.2 Hellenistic and Roman history


    • 1.3 Muslim rule


    • 1.4 Ottoman rule


    • 1.5 Modern history



  • 2 Climate


  • 3 Demographics

    • 3.1 Ecclesiastical status



  • 4 Main sights


  • 5 See also


  • 6 References


  • 7 Bibliography


  • 8 Further reading


  • 9 External links




History




Ancient era




An alley in Old Hama


The ancient settlement of Hamath was occupied from the early Neolithic to the Iron Age. Remains from the Chalcolithic have been uncovered by Danish archaeologists on the mount on which the former citadel once stood.[4] The excavation took place between 1931 and 1938 under the direction of Harald Ingholt. The stratigraphy is very generalized, which makes detailed comparison to other sites difficult. Level M (6 m or 20 ft thick) contained both white ware (lime-plaster) and true pottery. It may be contemporary with Ras Shamra V (6000–5000 BC). The overlying level L dates to the Chalcolithic Halaf culture.



Amorite period and the Mittanni


Although the town appears to be unmentioned in cuneiform sources before the first millennium BC,[5] the site appears to have been prosperous around 1500 BC, when it was presumably an Amorite dependency of Mitanni, an empire along the Euphrates in northeastern Syria.[4] Mitanni was subsequently overthrown by the Hittites, who controlled all of northern Syria following the famous Battle of Kadesh against Ancient Egypt under Ramesses II near Homs in 1285 BC.


In early 19th century, Johann Ludwig Burckhardt was the first to discover Hittite or Luwian hieroglyphic script at Hama.[6]


The site also shows signs of Assyrian and Aramaean settlement.[4]



Neo-Hittites


By the turn of the millennium, the centralized old Hittite Empire had fallen, and Hama is attested as the capital of one of the prosperous Syro-Hittite states known from the Hebrew Bible as Hamath (Aramaic: Ḥmt; Hittite: Amatuwana;[5]Hebrew: .mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebrfont-size:1.15em;font-family:"Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey David CLM","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli","SBL BibLit","SBL Hebrew",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans
חֲמָת
Ḥəmåṯ), which traded extensively, particularly with Israel and Judah.[7]



Assyrian inscriptions


When the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III (858–824 BC) conquered the north of Aramea reached Hamath (Assyrian: Amat or Hamata)[5] in 835 BC; this marks the beginning of Assyrian inscriptions relating to the kingdom.[8]Irhuleni of Hamath and Hadadezer of Aram-Damascus (biblical "Bar-Hadad") led a coalition of Aramean cities against the encroaching Assyrian armies. According to Assyrian sources, they were confronted by 4,000 chariots, 2,000 horsemen, 62,000 foot-soldiers and 1,000 Arab camel-riders in the Battle of Qarqar. The Assyrian victory seems to have been more of a draw, although Shalmaneser III continued on to the shore and even took a ship to open sea. In the following years, Shalmaneser III failed to conquer Hamath or Aram-Damascus. After the death of Shalmaneser III, the former allies Hamath and Aram-Damascus fell out, and Aram-Damascus seems to have taken over some of Hamath's territory.


An Aramaic inscription of Zakkur, dual king of Hamath and Luhuti, tells of an attack by a coalition including Sam'al under Ben-Hadad III, son of Hazael, king of Aram-Damascus. Zakir was besieged in his fortress of Hazrak, but saved by intervention of the God Baalshamin. Later on, the state of Sam'al came to rule both Hamath and Aram.[citation needed]


In 743 BC, Tiglath-Pileser III took a number of towns in the territory of Hamath, distributed the territories among his generals, and forcibly removed 1,223 selected inhabitants to the valley of the Upper Tigris; he exacted tribute from Hamath's king, Eni-Ilu (Eniel).


In 738 BC, Hamath is listed among the cities again conquered by Assyrian troops. Over 30,000 natives were deported to Ullaba and replaced with captives from the Zagros Mountains.[5]



Destruction under Sargon II


After the fall of the northern kingdom of Israel, Hamath's king Ilu-Bi'di (Jau-Bi'di) led a failed revolt of the newly organized Assyrian provinces of Arpad, Simirra, Damascus, and Samara.


Styling himself the "Destroyer of Hamath," Sargon II razed the city c. 720 BC,[9] recolonized it with 6,300 Assyrians, and removed its king to be flayed alive in Assyria.[5] He also carried off to Nimrud the ivory-adorned furnishings of its kings.[10]



Hamath in the Bible


The few Biblical reports state that Hamath was the capital of a Canaanite kingdom (Genesis 10:18; 2 Kings 23:33; 25:21), whose king congratulated King David on his victory over Hadadezer, king of Zobah (2 Samuel 8:9-11; 1 Chronicles 18:9-11). In God’s instructions to Moses, Hamath is specified as part of the northern border of the land that will fall to the children of Israel as an inheritance when they enter the land of Canaan.[11]Solomon, it would seem, took possession of Hamath and its territory and built store cities.[12] 1 Kings 8:65 names the "entrance of Hamath", or Lebo-Hamath, as the northern border of Israel at the time of the dedication of the first temple in Jerusalem. The area was subsequently lost to the Syrians, but Jeroboam II, king of Israel, is said to have "restored the territory of Israel from the entrance of Hamath to the Sea of the Arabah (the Dead Sea)".[13]


Assyria's defeat of Hamath made a profound impression on Isaiah.[14] The prophet Amos also named the town "Hamath the Great".[15] Indeed, the name appears to stem from Phoenician khamat, "fort."[16]



Hellenistic and Roman history





Aqueduct in Epiphania (= Hama).


In the second half of the 4th century BC the modern region of Syria came under the influence of Greco-Roman culture, following long lasting semitic and Persian cultures. Alexander the Great's campaign from 334 to 323 BC brought Syria under Hellenic rule. Since the country lay on the trade routes from Asia to Greece, Hama and many other Syrian cities again grew rich through trade. After the death of Alexander the Great his Near East conquests were divided between his generals, and Seleucus Nicator became ruler of Syria and the founder of the Seleucid dynasty. Under the Seleucids there was a revival in the fortunes of Hama. The Aramaeans were allowed to return to the city, which was renamed Epiphaneia[5] (in Greek: Επιφανεία), after the Seleucid Emperor Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Seleucid rule began to decline, however, in the next two centuries, and Arab dynasties began to gain control of cities in this part of Syria, including Hama.[17]


The Romans took over original settlements such as Hama and made them their own. They met little resistance when they invaded Syria under Pompey and annexed it in 64 BC, whereupon Hama became part of the Roman province of Syria, ruled from Rome by a proconsul. Hama was an important city during the Greek and Roman periods, but very little archaeological evidence remains.[17]


In AD 330, the capital of the Roman Empire was moved to Byzantium, and the city continued to prosper. In Byzantine days Hama was known as Emath or Emathoùs (Εμαθούς in Greek). Roman rule from Byzantium meant the Christian religion was strengthened throughout the Near East, and churches were built in Hama and other cities. The Byzantine historian John of Epiphania was born in Hama in the 6th century.[17]



Muslim rule





Nur al-Din Mosque


During the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 7th century, Hama was conquered by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah in 638 or 639 and the town regained its ancient name, and has since retained it. Following its capture, it came under the administration of Jund Hims and remained so throughout the rule of Umayyads until the 9th century.[18]


Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi writes Hama became a part of Jund Qinnasrin during Abbasid rule.[19] Although the city's history is obscure at this time period, it is known that Hama was a walled market town with a ring of outlying cities. It came under the control of the Hamdanid rulers of Aleppo in the 10th century and was consequently drawn into the orbit of that city where it remained until the 12th century.[18] These were considered the "dark years" of Hama as the local rulers of northern and southern Syria struggled for dominance in the region. The Byzantines under emperor Nicephorus Phocas raided the town in 968 and burned the Great Mosque. By the 11th century, the Fatimids gained suzerainty over northern Syria and during this period, the Mirdasids sacked Hama.[18]Persian geographer Nasir Khusraw noted in 1047 that Hama was "well populated" and stood on the banks of the Orontes River.[20]


Tancred, Prince of Galilee, took it in 1108, but in 1114 the Crusaders lost it definitively to the Seljuks. The governor of Hama in the early 12th century was Ali Kurd, and his sons, Nasir and Kurdanshah became vassals of Toghtekin.[21] In 1157 an earthquake shattered the city.[22] For the next sixty years, Hama was battled for by competing rulers. Nur al-Din, the Zengid sultan, erected a mosque with a tall, square minaret in the city in 1172.[23] In 1175, Hama was taken from the Zengids by Saladin. He granted the city to his nephew, al-Muzaffar Umar, four years later, putting it under the rule of his Ayyubid family. This ushered in an era of stability and prosperity in Hama as the Ayyubids ruled it almost continuously until 1342.[18] Geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, who was born in Hama, described it in 1225 as a large town surrounded by a strongly built wall.[24] Hama was sacked by the Mongols in 1260, as were most other Syrian cities, but the Mongols were defeated that same year and then again in 1303 by the Mamluks who succeeded the Ayyubids as rulers of the region.[17] Hama briefly passed to Mamluk control in 1299 after the death of governor al-Mansur Mahmoud II. However, unlike other former Ayyubid cities, the Mamluks reinstated Ayyubid rule in Hama by making Abu al-Fida, the historian and geographer, governor of the city and he reigned from 1310 to 1332.[18] He described his city as "very ancient... mentioned in the book of the Israelites. It is one of the pleasantest places in Syria."[25] After his death, he was succeeded by his son al-Afdal Muhammad who eventually lost Mamluk favor and was deposed. Thus, Hama came under direct Mamluk control.[18]


Hama grew prosperous during the Ayyubid period, as well as the Mamluk period. It gradually expanded to both banks of the Orontes River, with the suburb on the right bank being connected to the town proper by a newly built bridge. The town on the left bank was divided into upper and lower parts, each of which was surrounded by a wall. The city was filled with palaces, markets, mosques, madrasas, and a hospital, and over thirty different sized norias (water-wheels). In addition, there stood a massive citadel in Hama.[18] Moreover, a special aqueduct brought drinking water to Hama from the neighboring town of Salamiyah.[18]


Ibn Battuta visited Hama in 1335 and remarked that the Orontes River made the city "pleasant to live in, with its many gardens full of trees and fruits." He also speaks of a large suburb called al-Mansuriyyah (named after an Ayyubid emir) that contained "a fine market, a mosque, and bathes."[25] In 1400, Timurlane conquered Hama, along with nearby Homs and Baalbek.[26]



Ottoman rule




The Azem Palace in Hama was built in 1742


The prosperous period of Mamluk rule came to an end in 1516, when the Ottoman Turks conquered Syria from the Mamluks after defeating them at the Battle of Marj Dabiq near Aleppo. Hama, and the rest of Syria, came under Ottoman rule from Constantinople.[27] Under the Ottomans, Hama gradually became more important in the administrative structure of the region. It was first made capital of one of the liwas ("districts") of the vilayet ("province") of Tripoli.[18] Hama once again became an important center for trade routes running east from the Mediterranean coast into Asia. A number of khans ("caravansaries"s) were built in the city, like Khan Rustum Pasha which dates from 1556. Syria was later divided into three governorships and Hama was ruled by the governorship based at Aleppo.[27]


Then in the 18th century, it became a part of the holdings of the governor of Damascus.[18] The governors of Damascus at this time were the Azems, who also ruled other parts of Syria, for the Ottomans. They erected sumptuous residences in Hama, including the Azem Palace and Khan As'ad Pasha which were built by As'ad Pasha al-Azem, who governed Hama for a number of years until 1742.[27] By then, there were 14 caravansaries in the city, mostly used for the storage and distribution of seeds, cotton, wool, and other commodities.[28] After the passing of the Vilayet Law in 1864, Hama became the capital of the Sanjak of Hama (gaining the city more administrative powers), part of the larger vilayet of Sham.[18]



Modern history




General view




The clock tower of Hama


Ottoman rule ended in 1918, after their defeat in World War I to the Allied Forces. Hama was made part of the French Mandate of Syria. By then, Hama had developed into what it has remained: a medium-sized provincial town, important as the market for an agricultural area abundant in cereals, but also cotton and sugar beets. It gained notoriety as the center of large estates worked by peasants and dominated by a few magnate families. The 1925 Hama uprising occurred in the city during the Great Syrian Revolt against the French.


During the French Mandate, the district of Hama contained within its bounds the municipality of Hama and 114 villages. By an estimate in 1930, only four of these villages were owned outright by local cultivators, while sharing ownership of two villages with a notable family. Thus, the hinterland was owned by landowning elites.[29] Starting in the late 1940s, significant class conflict erupted as agricultural workers sought reform in Hama.


Syria gained full independence from France in 1946. Akram al-Hawrani, a member of an impoverished notable family in Hama, began to agitate for land reform and better social conditions. He made Hama the base of his Arab Socialist Party, which later merged with another socialist party, the Ba'ath. This party's ascent to power in 1963 signaled the end of power for the landowning elite.


Political insurgency by Sunni Islamic groups, particularly the Muslim Brotherhood, occurred in the city, which was reputed as a stronghold of conservative Sunni Islam. As early as the spring of 1964, Hama became the epicenter of an uprising by conservative forces, encouraged by speeches from mosque preachers, denouncing the policies of the Ba'ath. The Syrian government sent tanks and troops into the quarters of Hama's old city to put down the insurrection.[29]


In the early 1980s, Hama had emerged as a major source of opposition to the Ba'ath government during the Sunni armed Islamist uprising, which had begun in 1976. The city was a focal point for bloody events in the 1981 massacre and the most notable 1982 Hama massacre.[30] The most serious insurrection of the Syrian Islamic uprising happened in Hama during February 1982, when Government forces, led by the president's brother, Rifaat al-Assad, quelled the revolt in Hama with very harsh means.[31] Tanks and artillery shelled the neighbourhoods held by the insurgents indiscriminately, and government forces are alleged to have executed thousands of prisoners and civilian residents after subduing the revolt, which became known as the Hama massacre. The story is suppressed and regarded as highly sensitive in Syria.[32] The Hama Massacre led to the military term "Hama Rules" meaning the complete large-scale destruction of a military objective or target. The city was the site of conflict between the Syrian military and opposition forces as one of the main arenas of the Syrian civil war during the 2011 siege of Hama.



Climate


Its climate is classified as semi-arid (BSk) in Köppen-Geiger system.[33] Hama's inland location ensures that it receives no softening coastal influences and breezes from the Mediterranean Sea. As a result, the city has a much hotter and drier climate than nearby Homs.





























































































































































Climate data for Hama (1961–1990, extremes 1956–2004)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
20.0
(68.0)
23.1
(73.6)
28.0
(82.4)
36.2
(97.2)
41.0
(105.8)
42.0
(107.6)
45.2
(113.4)
45.0
(113.0)
42.2
(108.0)
37.6
(99.7)
31.0
(87.8)
25.2
(77.4)
45.2
(113.4)
Average high °C (°F)
11.4
(52.5)
13.8
(56.8)
17.9
(64.2)
23.1
(73.6)
29.3
(84.7)
33.8
(92.8)
36.2
(97.2)
36.2
(97.2)
33.8
(92.8)
27.6
(81.7)
19.7
(67.5)
13.1
(55.6)
24.7
(76.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)
6.6
(43.9)
8.3
(46.9)
11.6
(52.9)
15.9
(60.6)
21.1
(70.0)
25.8
(78.4)
28.2
(82.8)
27.9
(82.2)
25.3
(77.5)
19.3
(66.7)
12.7
(54.9)
7.9
(46.2)
17.5
(63.5)
Average low °C (°F)
2.9
(37.2)
3.3
(37.9)
5.4
(41.7)
8.8
(47.8)
12.9
(55.2)
17.4
(63.3)
20.2
(68.4)
20.1
(68.2)
17.1
(62.8)
12.4
(54.3)
6.6
(43.9)
3.7
(38.7)
10.9
(51.6)
Record low °C (°F)
−8.3
(17.1)
−7.3
(18.9)
−3.0
(26.6)
−0.5
(31.1)
5.9
(42.6)
10.6
(51.1)
14.7
(58.5)
14.0
(57.2)
9.5
(49.1)
2.2
(36.0)
−3.7
(25.3)
−5.5
(22.1)
−8.3
(17.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
72.5
(2.85)
54.3
(2.14)
49.3
(1.94)
32.3
(1.27)
10.3
(0.41)
3.8
(0.15)
0.4
(0.02)
0.1
(0.00)
1.8
(0.07)
21.4
(0.84)
40.0
(1.57)
66.5
(2.62)
352.7
(13.89)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
9.9
8.1
7.4
4.5
1.8
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.3
2.8
5.1
9.0
49.2
Average relative humidity (%)
81
75
69
61
49
40
39
42
43
51
69
83
58
Mean monthly sunshine hours
127.1
151.2
217.0
249.0
325.5
366.0
387.5
356.5
312.0
257.3
192.0
130.2
3,071.3
Mean daily sunshine hours
4.1
5.4
7.0
8.3
10.5
12.2
12.5
11.5
10.4
8.3
6.4
4.2
8.4
Source #1: NOAA[34]
Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes 1956–2004, and humidity 1973–1993)[35]


Demographics




A Greek Orthodox church.


According to Josiah C. Russel, during the 12th century, Hama had a population of 6,750.[36] James Reilly accounts the historical population as: 1812- 30,000 (Burckhardt) 1830- 20,000 (Robinson) 1839- 30–44,000 (Bowring) 1850- 30,000 (Porter) 1862- 10–12,000 (Guys) 1880- 27,656 (Parliamentary Papers) 1901- 60,000 (Parliamentary Papers) 1902-1907 80,000 (Trade Reports) 1906- 40,000 (al-Sabuni) 1909- 60,000 (Trade Reports)[37]
In 1932, while Hama was under the French Mandate, there were approximately 50,000 residents. In the 1960 census, there were 110,000 inhabitants. The population continued to rise, reaching 180,000 in 1978 and 273,000 in 1994.[38] The infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births in the Hama Governorate was 99.4.[39] A 2005 estimate had Hama's population at around 325,000 inhabitants.[40]


Most of the residents are Sunni Muslims (including mostly Arabs, Kurds, and Turkmen), although some districts of the city are exclusively Christian.[40] Hama is reputed to be the most conservative Sunni Muslim city in Syria since French Mandate times. During that period there was an old saying reflecting this characteristic: "In Damascus, it takes only three men to make a political demonstration, while in Hama it takes only three men to get the town to pray."[29] The Christian population mostly adheres to the Greek Orthodox Church or the Syriac Orthodox Church.[41]



Ecclesiastical status


The Greek Orthodox Church has a prelacy in Hama under the Patriarch of Antioch.[41] Hama is still a Roman Catholic titular see (referred to as "Hamath" or Amath"), suffragan of Apamea. It is as "Epiphania" that it is best known in ecclesiastical documents. Lequien mentions nine Greek bishops of Epiphania.[42] The first of them, whom he calls Mauritius, is the Manikeios whose signature appears in the First Council of Nicaea.[43] Currently, it has two Catholic archbishops, a Greek Melkite and a Syrian, the former residing at Labroud, the latter at Homs, reuniting the titles of Homs (Emesus) and Hamah.[44]



Main sights


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The Orontes River and Norias of Hama





Norias of Hama




Norias of Hama




Hama's most famous attractions are the 17 Norias of Hama (Arabic: نواعير حماة‎), dating back to the Byzantine times. Fed by the Orontes river, they are up to 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter. The largest norias are the al-Mamunye (1453) and the al-Muhammediye (14th century). Originally they were used to route water into aqueducts, which led into the town and the neighbouring agricultural areas.


Other sights include:


  • the museum, housed in an 18th-century Ottoman governor residence (Azem Palace). Remains in the exhibition include a precious Roman mosaic from the nearby village of Maryamin (4th century AD)


  • al-Nuri mosque, finished in 1163 by Nur ad-Din after the earthquake of 1157. Notable is the minaret.

  • The small Mamluk al-Izzi mosque (15th century)

  • The mosque and Mausoleum of Abu al-Fida, a celebrated Ayyubid historian who was also governor of the city.


  • al-Hasanain mosque, also rebuilt by Nur ad-Din after the aforementioned earthquake.

  • The Great Mosque. Destroyed in the 1982 bombardment, it has been rebuilt in its original forms. It has elements dating from the ancient and Christian structures existing in the same location. It has two minarets, and is preceded by a portico with an elevated treasury.


See also





  • Outline of Syria

  • Cities of the ancient Near East

  • Hama massacre

  • Short chronology timeline


References




  1. ^ "2004 official census" (PDF). cbss. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-04..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ Updated: Your Cheat Sheet to the Syrian Conflict. PBS.


  3. ^ "Hamah (Syria)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 June 2013.


  4. ^ abc Ring, 1996, p.315.


  5. ^ abcdef Hawkins, J.D. "Hamath." Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Vol. 4. Walter de Gruyter, 1975.


  6. ^ The Decipherment of Hittite James Norman (Schmidt), Ancestral Voices: Decoding Ancient Languages, Four Winds Press, New York, 1975.


  7. ^ "Hamath". Jewish Encyclopedia. Jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2013-02-04.


  8. ^ Hamath's history from the inscriptions was encapsulated by George L. Robinson, "The Entrance of Hamath" The Biblical World 32.1 (July 1908:7–18), in discussing the topography evoked by the Biblical phrase "the entrance of Hamath".


  9. ^ "Hamath Wrecked to Terrify Small Opponents of Assyria" The Science News-Letter. 39:13 (29 March 1941:205–206.)


  10. ^ The ivories were found there by Layard. One of the ivory panels found at "Fort Shalmaneser" is inscribed "Hamath." (R. D. Barnett, "Hamath and Nimrud: Shell Fragments from Hamath and the Provenance of the Nimrud Ivories." Iraq. 25:1. [Spring 1963:81–85.])


  11. ^ Numbers 34.1-9


  12. ^ 1 Kings 4:21–24; 2 Chronicles 8:4


  13. ^ 2 Kings 14:25: NKJV translation; cf. NIV translation, which refers to the Dead Sea


  14. ^ Isaiah 10:9


  15. ^ Amos 6:2


  16. ^ Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World. London: MacFarland and Company, Inc., 1997.


  17. ^ abcd Ring, 1996, p.317.


  18. ^ abcdefghijk Dumper, Stanley, and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p.163.


  19. ^ le Strange, 1890, p.39.


  20. ^ le Strange, 1890, p.357.


  21. ^ Chaliand, Gerard (1993). A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. London: Interlink Books.


  22. ^ Robinson 1908:9.


  23. ^ Nur al-Din Mosque Archived 3 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Archnet Digital Library.


  24. ^ le Strange, 1890, p.359.


  25. ^ ab le Strange, 1890, p.360.


  26. ^ le Strange, 1890, p.xxiii.


  27. ^ abc Ring, 1996, p.318.


  28. ^ Reilly, 2002, p.72.


  29. ^ abc Dumper, Stanley, and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p. 164.


  30. ^ Larbi Sadiki. "In Syria, the government is the real rebel – Opinion". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2011-07-31.


  31. ^ [1][dead link]


  32. ^ "English.alarabiya.net". English.alarabiya.net. 9 July 2011. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2011.


  33. ^ M. Kottek; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated". Meteorol. Z. 15: 259–263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Retrieved 1 August 2013.


  34. ^
    "Hama Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 26, 2017.



  35. ^
    "Klimatafel von Hama / Syrien" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved April 26, 2017.



  36. ^ Shatzmiller, 1994, p.59.


  37. ^ James Reilly, A Small Town in Syria, Ottoman Hama in the 18th and 19th Centuries, p73. Peter Lang Publishing (2002)


  38. ^ Wincler, 1998, p.72.


  39. ^ Wincler, 1998, p.44.


  40. ^ ab Dumper, Stanley, and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p.162.


  41. ^ ab Schaff and Herzog, 1911, p.232.


  42. ^ Oriens Christianus, II, pp.915–918.


  43. ^ Gelzer, Heinrich, Patrum Nicaenorum Nomina. p.lxi.


  44. ^ Missiones Catholicae. pp.781–804.



Bibliography


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  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "article name needed". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
    [2]


  • Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E.; Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2007), Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 9781576079195.


  • Herzog, Johann Jakob; Schaff, Phillip (1911), The new Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia of religious knowledge: embracing Biblical, historical, doctrinal, and practical theology and Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical biography from the earliest times to the present day, Funk and Wagnalls Company.


  • Reilly, James (2002), A small town in Syria: Ottoman Hama in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, P. Lang, ISBN 9783906766904.


  • Ring, Trudy; Berney, K.A.; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (1996), International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa, Routledge, ISBN 1-884964-03-6.


  • Shatzmiller, Maya (1994), Labour in the medieval Islamic world, BRILL, ISBN 9789004098961.


  • le Strange, Guy (1890), Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.


  • Winckler, Onn (1998), Demographic developments and population policies in Baʻathist Syria, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 1-902210-16-6.



Further reading



  • P. J. Riis/V. Poulsen, Hama: fouilles et recherches 1931–1938 (Copenhagen 1957).


External links







  • The Official City's Group on facebook (in Arabic)(in English)


  • e.sy Governmental online services


  • Official site of Hama governorate (in Arabic)


  • Hama city community on the net (in Arabic)


  • Ancient Hama king list historyfiles.co.uk













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